Clerk of the House of Representatives • Legislative Resource Center • B-106 Cannon Building • Washington, DC 20515

Secretary of the Senate • Office of Public Records • 232 Hart Building • Washington, DC 20510

Filer Type and Name

Type:

Organization Lobbyist

Organization Name:

AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOCIATION

Identification Numbers

House Registrant ID:

44603

Senate Registrant ID:

401105471

Reporting Period

Year:

2025

Mid-Year (January 1 - June 30)

Year-End (July 1 - December 31)

Political Action Committee Names

Contributions

No Contributions

#0.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$3,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Lucas for Congress

Honoree:

Frank Lucas

#1.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Rounds for Congress

Honoree:

Mike Rounds

#2.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Austin Scott for Congress Inc

Honoree:

Austin Scott

#3.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Cindy Hyde-Smith for Congress

Honoree:

Cindy Hyde Smith

#4.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Cindy Hyde-Smith for Congress

Honoree:

Cindy Hyde-Smith

#5.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Pallone for Congress

Honoree:

Frank Pallone

#6.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Troy Carter for Congress

Honoree:

Troy Carter

#7.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

People for Ben

Honoree:

Ben Ray Lujan

#8.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

07/10/2025

Payee:

Jobs Opportunities and New Ideas PAC

Honoree:

Joni Ernst

#9.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Jimmy Panetta for Congress

Honoree:

Jimmy Panetta

#10.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Dan Newhouse for Congress

Honoree:

Dan Newhouse

#11.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Hern for Congrss

Honoree:

Kevin Hern

#12.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Mike Flood for Congress

Honoree:

Mike Flood

#13.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Barry Moore for Congress

Honoree:

Barry Moore

#14.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Rev Up PAC

Honoree:

Raphael Warnock

#15.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Adam Gray for Congress

Honoree:

Adam Gray

#16.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Mike Johnson for Louisiana

Honoree:

Mike Johnson

#17.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

07/24/2025

Payee:

Dave Taylor for Congress

Honoree:

Dave Taylor

#18.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

08/07/2025

Payee:

Mike Bost for Congress Committee

Honoree:

Mike Bost

#19.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

08/07/2025

Payee:

Hoeven for Senate

Honoree:

John Hoeven

#20.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/07/2025

Payee:

Langworthy for Congress

Honoree:

Nick Langworthy

#21.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

David Rouzer for Congress

Honoree:

David Rouzer

#22.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

Mann for Congress

Honoree:

Tracey Mann

#23.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

Finstad for Congress

Honoree:

Brad Finstad

#24.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

Kat for Congress

Honoree:

Kat Cammack

#25.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

Jeffries for Congress

Honoree:

Hakeem Jeffries

#26.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

Pennsylvania Honor PAC

Honoree:

Dave McCormick

#27.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$3,000.00

Date:

08/14/2025

Payee:

The Madison PAC

Honoree:

Richard Neal

#28.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Emmer for Congress

Honoree:

Tom Emmer

#29.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Mary Miller for Congress

Honoree:

Mary Elizabeth Miller

#30.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$500.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Nikki for Congress

Honoree:

Nikki Budzinski

#31.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Graves for Congress

Honoree:

Sam Graves

#32.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Texans for Ronny Jackson

Honoree:

Ronny Jackson

#33.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

Self

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Simpson for Congress

Honoree:

Mike Simpson

#34.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Fry for Congress

Honoree:

Russell Fry

#35.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Carey for Congress

Honoree:

Mike Carey

#36.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

09/18/2025

Payee:

Fischbach for Congress

Honoree:

Michelle Fischbach

#37.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

09/18/2025

Payee:

Paul Tonko for Congress

Honoree:

Paul Tonko

#38.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

09/18/2025

Payee:

Courtney for Congress

Honoree:

Joe Courtney

#39.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

09/18/2025

Payee:

Heartland Values PAC

Honoree:

John Thune

#40.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$3,500.00

Date:

09/18/2025

Payee:

Team LaHood

Honoree:

Darin LaHood

#41.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

09/25/2025

Payee:

Jim Costa for Congress

Honoree:

Jim Costa

#42.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Crawford for Congress

Honoree:

Rick Crawford

#43.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$500.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Austin Scott for Congress Inc

Honoree:

Austin Scott

#44.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Friends of Glenn Thompson

Honoree:

Glenn Thompson

#45.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Elect Jim Baird for Congress

Honoree:

Jim Baird for Congress

#46.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Jason Smith for Congress

Honoree:

Jason Smith

#47.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$4,000.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Guthrie for Congress

Honoree:

Brett Guthrie

#48.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/02/2025

Payee:

Responsibility and Freedom Work PAC

Honoree:

Roger Wicker

#49.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

LaHood for Congress

Honoree:

Darin LaHood

#50.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Jim Costa for Congress

Honoree:

Jim Costa

#51.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Fischbach for Congress

Honoree:

Michelle Fischbach

#52.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Lauren Underwood for Congress

Honoree:

Lauren Underwood

#53.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,500.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Sharice for Congress

Honoree:

Sharice Davids

#54.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Adrian Smith for Congress

Honoree:

Adrian Smith

#55.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Kaine for Virginia

Honoree:

Tim Kaine

#56.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Oceans PAC

Honoree:

Sheldon Whitehouse

#57.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Mannion for New York

Honoree:

John Mannion

#58.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

Alsobrooks for Senate

Honoree:

Angela Alsobrooks

#59.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/09/2025

Payee:

People for Patty Murray

Honoree:

Patty Murray

#60.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$3,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Blue Hen Federal PAC

Honoree:

Chris Coons

#61.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Fight On PAC

Honoree:

Ashley Hinson Arenholz

#62.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Tony Wied for Congress

Honoree:

Tony Wied

#63.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Kansans for Marshall

Honoree:

Roger Marshall

#64.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/23/2025

Payee:

Tammy Baldwin for Senate

Honoree:

Tammy Baldwin

#65.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/23/2025

Payee:

Winning for America PAC

Honoree:

Eric Schmitt

#66.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Tammy for Illinois

Honoree:

Tammy Duckworth

#67.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Shontel Brown for Congress

Honoree:

Shontel Brown

#68.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Mark Alford for Congress Inc.

Honoree:

Mark Alford

#69.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Don Davis for NC

Honoree:

Don Davis

#70.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Scalise for Congress

Honoree:

Steve Scalise

#71.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$500.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Moran for Kansas

Honoree:

Jerry Moran

#72.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Ben Cline for Congress, Inc

Honoree:

Ben Cline

#73.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/30/2025

Payee:

Capito for West Virginia

Honoree:

Shelley Moore Capito

#74.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$3,000.00

Date:

11/06/2025

Payee:

Kustoff for Congress

Honoree:

David Kustoff

#75.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

11/06/2025

Payee:

Bernie Moreno for Ohio

Honoree:

Bernie Moreno

#76.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

11/06/2025

Payee:

Leadership and Accountability are National Keys PAC

Honoree:

James Lankford

#77.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

11/20/2025

Payee:

Bama PAC

Honoree:

Shomari Figures

#78.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

11/20/2025

Payee:

Larson for Congress

Honoree:

John Larson

#79.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

11/20/2025

Payee:

Don Davis for NC

Honoree:

Don Davis

#80.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

11/20/2025

Payee:

Nathaniel Moran for Congress

Honoree:

Nathaniel Moran

#81.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

12/04/2025

Payee:

Friends of Rosa deLauro

Honoree:

Rosa deLauro

#82.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/04/2025

Payee:

Mitten PAC

Honoree:

Elissa Slotkin

#83.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/04/2025

Payee:

Cantwell Victory Fund

Honoree:

Maria Cantwell

#84.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Fischbach for Congress

Honoree:

Michelle Fischbach

#85.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Jimmy Panetta for Congress

Honoree:

Jimmy Panetta

#86.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Pingree for Congress

Honoree:

Chellie Pingree

#87.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$500.00

Date:

08/21/2025

Payee:

Nikki for Congress

Honoree:

Nikki Budzinski

#88.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Friends of Michael Guest

Honoree:

Michael Guest

#89.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Dan Newhouse for Congress

Honoree:

Dan Newhouse

#90.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Mike Crapo for US Senate

Honoree:

Mike Crapo

#91.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,500.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Cole for Congress

Honoree:

Tom Cole

#92.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Morgan McGarvey for Congress

Honoree:

Morgan McGarvey

#93.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Tomorrow is Meaningful PAC

Honoree:

Tim Scott

#94.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$2,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

The Hawkeye PAC

Honoree:

Charles Grassley

#95.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Josh Hawley for Senate

Honoree:

Josh Hawley

#96.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/18/2025

Payee:

Advancing Democracy and Mobilization PAC

Honoree:

Adam Schiff

#97.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/23/2025

Payee:

Moolenaar for Congress

Honoree:

John Moolenaar

#98.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

12/23/25

Payee:

August Pfluger for Congress

Honoree:

August Pfluger

#99.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Kansans for Marshall

Honoree:

Roger Marshall

#100.

Contribution Type:

FECA

Contributor Name:

American Soybean Association PAC (SOYPAC)

Amount:

$1,000.00

Date:

10/16/2025

Payee:

Kansans for Marshall

Honoree:

Roger Marshall

Comments

Contribution #102 on this report is a duplicate report of contribution #14 from the mid-year 2025 report. The contribution to Kansans for Marshall, honoree Roger Marshall, was misplaced and reprinted. Therefore it is reported again on this report.

Certification and Signature

I certify that I have read and am familiar with the provisions of the Standing Rules of the Senate and the Standing rules of the House of Representatives relating to the provision of gifts and travel. I have not provided, requested or directed a gift, including travel, to a Member of Congress or an officer or employee of either House of Congress with knowledge that receipt of the gift would violate rule XXXV of the Standing Rules of the Senate or rule XXV of the Rules of the House of Representatives during this filing period.

Digitally Signed By:

Alexa Combelic, 1/28/2026 1:18:43 PM